Riot police with dogs stormed protest camps in Lisbon and Porto early Sunday, charging demonstrators with batons, arresting 13 people and leaving dozens injured in the latest confrontation over Portugal's housing crisis.
Clashes quickly broke out as dozens of officers moved in on an encampment in Lisbon's Rossio Square and a smaller camp in Porto's Dom Joao I Square at around 4:30 am.
Protesters shouted "smells like a dictatorship", while police said some hurled bottles and paint at officers as they tried to take down the tents.
Police said in a statement that six people were arrested in Lisbon and seven in Porto for refusing orders to disperse. It said 13 police were injured in the process, with eight taken to hospital.
In Porto, police said three plain-clothes officers monitoring the protesters were assaulted after being spotted by a group.
One of the officers displayed his firearm as a deterrent, police said.
An unspecified number of civilians were also injured during the operation, which was carried out "with rigour, balance and respect for citizens' rights", the statement read.
Activist group Acampada Lisboa said more than 30 protesters were injured, including 10 who required hospital treatment, and called a fresh rally in the capital on Sunday afternoon to protest against the police operation.
"We will not be silenced," it said in a statement posted on social media, alongside photographs of protesters with bruises or bleeding from injuries it blamed on "police violence".
Some protesters carried red carnations, a symbol of Portugal's 1974 revolution, evoking the peaceful military-led uprising that ended nearly five decades of dictatorship.
Police said they seized 69 tents in Lisbon and 30 in Porto.
The camps had been set up late Saturday after peaceful marches through the two cities against soaring housing costs.
Officers have repeatedly dismantled encampments that have sprung up across Lisbon and Porto in recent weeks.
After police cleared protest camps in the two cities last weekend, Amnesty International said it was "deeply concerned by the excessive and disproportionate use of force by police".
A lawyer representing protesters at Lisbon's housing camps, Ricardo Sa Fernandes, said Sunday he would file a criminal complaint against the interior minister and the national police chief for abuse of power.
"This is a dark night in the history of Portuguese democracy. This is absolutely intolerable and has crossed all limits," he told reporters outside a police station in Lisbon where some of those detained were taken.
Protesters want the minority centre-right government to abandon plans to ease evictions and remove rent caps on new leases, warning the measures would push up housing costs and leave tenants more vulnerable.
Prime Minister Luis Montenegro has acknowledged that property prices have doubled in a decade, but blames the crisis on previous left-wing governments for failing to build enough homes and pursuing what he calls an overly permissive migration policy.
Portuguese protesters have taken inspiration from a similar movement in neighbouring Spain, where tents have stood in central Madrid and other cities for weeks.